Flutter(四):Flutter 语言 Dart基础使用

一、变量和常量

var a = 1;
var str = 'abc';

常量

const PI = 3.14;

不可变对象

final PI = 3.14;
final TIME = new DateTime.now()

二、流程控制语句

if (year >= 2001) {
  print('21st century');
} else if (year >= 1901) {
  print('20th century');
}

for (final object in flybyObjects) {
  print(object);
}

for (int month = 1; month <= 12; month++) {
  print(month);
}

while (year < 2016) {
  year += 1;
}

三、函数

标准

int fibonacci(int n) {
  if (n == 0 || n == 1) return n;
  return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}

var result = fibonacci(20);

简写 =>

flybyObjects.where((name) => name.contains('turn')).forEach(print);

四、注释

/// 这是一个文档注释。
/// 文档注释用于为库、类以及类的成员添加注释。
/// 像 IDE 和 dartdoc 这样的工具可以专门处理文档注释。

/* 也可以像这样使用单斜杠和星号的注释方式 */

五、导入( Import )

标准

// Importing core libraries
import 'dart:math';

// Importing libraries from external packages
import 'package:test/test.dart';

// Importing files
import 'path/to/my_other_file.dart';

指定库前缀(解决代码库冲突)

import 'package:lib1/lib1.dart';
import 'package:lib2/lib2.dart' as lib2;

// Uses Element from lib1.
Element element1 = Element();

// Uses Element from lib2.
lib2.Element element2 = lib2.Element();

导入库的一部分

// Import only foo.
import 'package:lib1/lib1.dart' show foo;

// Import all names EXCEPT foo.
import 'package:lib2/lib2.dart' hide foo;

六、类( Class )

普通

class Spacecraft {
  String name;
  DateTime? launchDate;

  // Read-only non-final property
  int? get launchYear => launchDate?.year;

  // Constructor, with syntactic sugar for assignment to members.
  Spacecraft(this.name, this.launchDate) {
    // Initialization code goes here.
  }
  
  // Method.
  void describe() {
    // code doing
  }
}

继承

// 继承
class Orbiter extends Spacecraft {
  double altitude;

  Orbiter(super.name, DateTime super.launchDate, this.altitude);
}

抽象类

abstract class Describable {
  void describe();

  void describeWithEmphasis() {
    print('=========');
    describe();
    print('=========');
  }
}

Mixins

Mixin 是一种复用多个类之间的代码,减少耦合。下面的是声明一个 Mixin 的做法:

mixin Piloted {
  int astronauts = 1;

  void describeCrew() {
    print('Number of astronauts: $astronauts');
  }
}

class PilotedCraft extends Spacecraft with Piloted {
  // ···
}

可以将多个mixins放入同一个类中,而且dart对这个数量没有作任何限制。

七、接口

Dart 没有 interface 关键字。相反,所有的类都隐式定义了一个接口。因此,任意类都可以作为接口被实现。

class MockSpaceship implements Spacecraft {
  // ···
}

八、枚举(Enums)

enum PlanetType { terrestrial, gas, ice }

九、异常(try/catch)

try {
  for (final object in flybyObjects) {
    var description = await File('$object.txt').readAsString();
    print(description);
  }
} on IOException catch (e) {
  print('Could not describe object: $e');
} finally {
  flybyObjects.clear();
}

异步(async/await )

Future<void> createDescriptions(Iterable<String> objects) async {
  for (final object in objects) {
    try {
      var file = File('$object.txt');
      if (await file.exists()) {
        var modified = await file.lastModified();
        print(
            'File for $object already exists. It was modified on $modified.');
        continue;
      }
      await file.create();
      await file.writeAsString('Start describing $object in this file.');
    } on IOException catch (e) {
      print('Cannot create description for $object: $e');
    }
  }
}
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